Box culverts typically do not use stirrups; therefore, the concrete alone must resist the ultimate factored shear force ( Vucap V sub u The critical section for shear is taken at a distance
), live loads are often negligible as they disperse through the soil. ↔️ Horizontal Loads Soil pushing against the side walls. Formula: is the earth pressure coefficient (usually "at-rest" K0cap K sub 0 Live Load Surcharge ( LScap L cap S
for structures subject to highway traffic), the slab depth must be increased. 7. Foundation and Geotechnical Stability Calculations
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