The ability to adapt to new, unfamiliar, or artificial tasks. Problem-Solving: Demonstrating understanding of causality. 2. Key Vocabulary and Concepts

The reading passage has five paragraphs, . Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A–E , in boxes 1–5 on your answer sheet.

"The intelligence of corvids has long fascinated researchers. These birds, which include crows, ravens, and jays, have been observed exhibiting complex behaviors, solving problems, and even displaying a level of innovation that is rare in the animal kingdom. One of the key areas of research into corvid intelligence has focused on their problem-solving abilities. In a series of experiments, researchers have presented corvids with complex problems, such as retrieving food from puzzle boxes or using tools to obtain rewards. The results have been impressive, with corvids consistently demonstrating a high level of innovation and creativity in their problem-solving."

Match the headings with the paragraphs:

Crows have been seen engaging in playful activities, such as sliding down snowy hills or playing with sticks.

Researchers have also discovered that corvids possess a sophisticated communication system, which includes a wide range of vocalizations and visual displays. In one study, researchers found that crows were able to recognize individual human faces, and even pass on information about potential threats to other crows.